Volume 21, Number 6—June 2015
Letter
Histoplasmosis in Idaho and Montana, USA, 2012–2013
On This Page
To the Editor: Histoplasmosis occurs after infection with the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum (1–6). Patients become ill after they inhale soil contaminated with H. capsulatum (1,2). Most infections are asymptomatic or result in mild illness not determined to be histoplasmosis (1,2). Symptoms usually develop 3–14 days after exposure and range from self-limited pneumonia to severe disseminated disease requiring antifungal therapy (2,7).
In the United States, H. capsulatum is endemic to the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys (1,2,5,8) but is not known to be endemic to the Rocky Mountain region (8). During June 2012–November 2013, a total of 6 unrelated cases of histoplasmosis were reported in Idaho (n = 1) and Montana (n = 5) in patients who had no recent travel to recognized H. capsulatum–endemic regions. Public health authorities investigated the illnesses by reviewing medical records and collecting exposure and travel histories.
The median age of the patients (3 male, 3 female) was 68 (range 17–79) years (Table). Each case was diagnosed by a different physician; no known epidemiologic links existed among the patients. Five patients had >1 immunocompromising conditions (Table), and 2 had acute pneumonia; 1 each had left parotid gland enlargement, anterior cervical lymphadenopathy, tricuspid valve mass, and acute changes in mental status. Three patients were hospitalized: 2 required intensive care, and 1 died.
Histoplasmosis was diagnosed primarily on the basis of culture (n = 2), urine enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (n = 2), and histopathologic examination (n = 2) results; histopathologic examinations were conducted by 2 pathologists (Technical Appendix[PDF - 79 KB - 1 page] Table). One patient with H. capsulatum–positive cultures also had positive results by histopathology, serum antigen detection, and urine EIA. Another patient with positive urine EIA results for antigen detection also had low serum levels of Histoplasma antibodies measured by compliment fixation. No patient samples were tested by PCR.
The interval between a patient’s initial visit to a health care provider and diagnosis ranged from 1 week to 20 months. Diagnosis was delayed >6 months for 3 patients. For 2 patients, a diagnosis was made on the basis of an H. capsulatum–positive urine EIA result <4 weeks from illness onset. Four (67%) patients underwent surgical procedures before histoplasmosis was diagnosed.
Each patient reported having traveled to H. capsulatum–endemic places, but none had traveled to these areas within 3 years of illness onset. Four patients reported exposures possibly related to infection (1 patient each): handling bat guano–containing potting soil manufactured in California, exploring caves, mowing pasture grass, and cleaning pigeon cages. The exposure to potting soil occurred in California; the other 3 exposures occurred in Montana. Two patients had no identifiable high-risk exposures to H. capsulatum.
These 6 patients with histoplasmosis represent potential acute infections and suggest that H. capsulatum might exist in Idaho and Montana, a geographic area farther west than areas where the fungus is known to be endemic. Areas of contaminated soils exist in microfoci outside recognized H. capsulatum–endemic areas and can be the source of infection for some persons (6). Previous studies suggest that the H. capsulatum–endemic area might extend into Montana and possibly other states in the Rocky Mountain region (8–10). Further environmental studies are needed to determine with certainty whetherH. capsulatum fungi exist in natural environments in the Rocky Mountain region.
Delayed diagnosis of histoplasmosis increases the likelihood of delays in administering effective antifungal therapy. Histoplasmosis was diagnosed in 3 of these patients >6 months after they first sought care, probably because they had reported no recent travel to H. capsulatum–endemic areas. Among these 3 patients, none had urine EIA testing for the presence of H. capsulatum antigen. The 2 patients who received a diagnosis of histoplasmosis <4 weeks after they first sought care were assessed by using urine EIA. Urine EIA is a noninvasive and sensitive assay with high specificity but is subject to false-positive results in patients with other fungal infections, particularly blastomycosis (6), which is not known to be endemic in Montana or Idaho.
Investigation of these 6 histoplasmosis cases was limited because only 2 patients had cultures positive for H. capsulatum, and each patient had a remote travel history (>3 years before infection) to an H. capsulatum–endemic area. These limitations raise the possibility that the cases represent reactivation of latent disease or delayed clinical manifestations following a low-inoculum exposure years earlier in an area where the fungus is endemic (2,6). However, data supporting the possibility that reactivation of latent H. capsulatum infection causes acute illness are inconclusive (6).
In summary, health care providers should consider a diagnosis of histoplasmosis for Idaho and Montana residents having symptoms consistent with the disease, regardless of whether they have a travel history to recognized H. capsulatum–endemic areas. When considering a diagnosis of histoplasmosis, providers should also consider testing with urine EIA, a noninvasive way to assess the presence of H. capsulatum infection.
Randall J. Nett
, Donald Skillman, Laurel Riek, Brian Davis, Sky R. Blue, Elizabeth E. Sundberg, Joel R. Merriman, Christine G. Hahn, and Benjamin J. Park
, Donald Skillman, Laurel Riek, Brian Davis, Sky R. Blue, Elizabeth E. Sundberg, Joel R. Merriman, Christine G. Hahn, and Benjamin J. ParkAcknowledgment
We thank Brenda Eberling, Noel Mathis, Nancy Iversen, Julie Brodhead, and Cindia Miller for their assistance in case investigations and Julie Harris for her guidance during the investigative process.
References
- Kauffman CA. Endemic mycoses: blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2006;20:645–62. DOIPubMed
- Kauffman CA. Histoplasmosis: a clinical and laboratory update. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007;20:115–32. DOIPubMed
- Kauffman CA. Histoplasmosis. Clin Chest Med. 2009;30:217–25. DOIPubMed
- McKinsey DS, McKinsey JP. Pulmonary histoplasmosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;32:735–44. DOIPubMed
- Smith JA, Kauffman CA. Pulmonary fungal infections. Respirology. 2012;17:913–26. DOIPubMed
- Wheat LJ. Histoplasmosis: a review for clinicians from non-endemic areas. Mycoses. 2006;49:274–82. DOIPubMed
- Wheat LJ, Freifeld AG, Kleiman MB, Baddley JW, McKinsey DS, Loyd JE, Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:807–25. DOIPubMed
- Baddley JW, Winthrop KL, Patkar NM, Delzell E, Beukelman T, Xie F, Geographic distribution of endemic fungal infections among older persons, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:1664–9. DOIPubMed
- Chu JH, Feudtner C, Heydon K, Walsh TJ, Zaoutis TE. Hospitalizations for endemic mycoses: a population-based national study. Clin Infect Dis.2006;42:822–5. DOIPubMed
- Edwards LB, Acquaviva FA, Livesay VT, Cross FW, Palmer CE. An atlas of sensitivity to tuberculin, PPD-B, and histoplasmin in the United States. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1969;99(Suppl):1–132 .PubMed
Table
Technical Appendix
Suggested citation for this article: Nett RJ, Skillman D, Riek L, Davis B, Blue SR, Sundberg EE, et al. Histoplasmosis in Idaho and Montana, USA, 2012–2013 [letter]. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015 Jun [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2106.141367
No hay comentarios:
Publicar un comentario